Initial Assessment Essay Example for Free

Initial Assessment EssayThe reasoning for using Initial Assessment in my curriculum area is because the majority of students have non completed a formal education or if having done so hold little or no qualifications. The majority of the courses start at innovation level therefore no qualifications are require, but to offer students progression on to higher levels they need to be holding or be equal to achieve a level 1 in communication and application of number. This is the minimum requisite to complete an apprenticeship programme and the vast majority wish to abide by the vocational route to being a qualified tradesman. Procedures Before the day of enrolment students are fore warned at the interview stage what the awarding bodies requirement is to do a particular course. In the case of Construction Awards Alliance they have their own assessment criteria to try a match the suitableness of the student to a particular trade. However because we deliver from entry to level 2 with three bodies to keep to the assessment process standard the college format is used( brochure produced by the learning centre, attached). Hillier. J (2005 p62) states Great care must be used with such assessment activities.M either potential learners will tone extremely by being threatened by being asked to undertake a diagnostic assessment. In my opinion as long as students are do aware that this is not a formal test the majority do not mind taking the test, provided that the reasoning behind it is explained correctly. As a train it is important I remember the purpose of the test as Lambert. D and Lines. D (2000 p20) state formative assessment is undertaken so that positive achievements of a student can be recognised and the appropriate next step planned.Once all the information is collated this is entered into the course/ student profile booklet, this enables me or any other tutors to look at a particular student or group qualifications and progress as they are recorded for each achievement. Personally I think that the process works well when we complete the diagnostics on line as students can not see how others are doing. Most students feel more comfortable using this method as they do not feel as much pressure as they can wear star phones if required.The whole purpose works well because as a tutor working on entry level and to a certain degree on level 1, communication and application of number can be imbedded into the practical aspects of the course. The major weakness that I feel of the assessment process is that they are not curriculum specific aspects of application of number are not relevant to the vocational subject. As I have experienced my self and some get students the terminology of key words has changed until we have had them explained.When using the paper versions students that struggle to read or write often do not complete adequacy of the booklet, for the tutor to find the true level the students capable / working at. An importan t aspect that is often missed is the fact that to help students there is a requirement to have extra support in place if require for individuals. If there is no support is there a need for assessment? Yes but fancy all the support is provided and available as required in a timely manner.

Athletics and the Effect on Academics Essay Example for Free

Athletics and the Effect on Academics EssayThe purpose of this search proposal is to determine if extracurricular activities such as recreations has a positive or veto affect on junior high students schoolman achievement. I provide discuss past research that has been conducted and their results as well up conditions written on the topic. I will also discuss my research method and how it will be implemented in order to see how foregoing research compares to my school. This research will be conducted with students in the 6th through the 8th grade. As a t severallyer and a coach I encounter wondered if there is any correlation in the midst of students faculty member success while they were part of a sports program. I know that as a former student-athlete in junior high and high school I was motivated to maintain a certain grade level in order to participate in any type of sport. I recently attended my sons parent meeting for his freshman basketball team and learned that a ccording to IHSA rules a student can fail two classes and still participate in their sport.That is a topic of discussion for an different age but it did spark my specialness to see if my students at the junior high level worked harder to stay eligible during their sport season and not so hard during their off season. It should be verbalise that at my school a student has to maintain a 70% to participate and this is checked on a weekly basis. It would seem that ever since sports has compose part of our schools environment there has been a debate ab go forth the effects of athletic participation on pedantic achievement.I believe now to a greater extent than ever it has become a more relevant issue because of the budget restraints in our countrys schools. The school boards often find it easy to concentrate athletic programs because they do not see the value it has in the pedantic arena. It is important for our administrators to know these effects of athletics on academics before they would decide to stinger or retain these athletic programs. This particular research proposal would focus on junior high students that are both(prenominal) male and female at J. W. Eater in Rantoul Illinois.Our demographics are almost evenly split between both Caucasian and African American students, the African American student world slight higher, with a smaller percent of Hispanics. It should also be noted that there are a high number, close to 80%, of these students whose families fall beneath the poverty line therefore there is a high number of kids that are on the free or reduced lunch plan. In humanitarian to the research that will be conducted at Eater Junior High there will also be some information from other articles and studies that put on been breake in research journals.I feel these articles and studies will provide a clearer picture as to the positive effect of athletic participation and academic achievement. I found an article that supports the theory tha t athletic participation can help at-risk students and other students who have academic problems. Since we have several at-risk students because of our demographics in Rantoul this article seem to relate. In this article it states that educators believe that athletic participation reduces the chance of school dropout by approximately forty percent.It argues that extracurricular participation decreases this chance because it gives those at-risk students a chance to create positive connections to the school system. Involvement in these activities was perceived by educators to support these at-risk students by maintaining, enhancing and strengthening the student to school connection (Holloway, J. H. 2000). Although we dont have the dropout problem as say our high school, athletics is a connection to the next level of education and can provide motivating to stay in school.A research article I found that involves using a questionnaire, as I intend to use with my research proposal, measu res academic achievement between athletes and non-athletes on the 8th grade level (Stegman, M. Stephens, L. 2000). Both the athletes and the non-athletes were invited to participate and each was provided with a questionnaire. Both groups also gave the researchers permission to put one over their academic scores. They found that the results showed the students who participated in sports had the higher academic scores versus those who chose not to participate in sports.Although the sample size wasnt that large the results tend to lean in favor of athletics enforcing academics. Another case I found was interesting in that it examined over 25,000 students on with their teachers and parents (Jordan, W. 1999). The researchs author, Will Jordan, shows how the results point out that African American students have a higher rate of academic achievement as a whole when they are in involved in extracurricular activities such as sports. The only draw back to this research is that it only invo lves African Americans, however Mr.Jordon does note that previous research did show uniform results for other races that were researched.The majority of its data is received from the National Educational Longitudinal Study, and this is used to measure the data against a system that is already in jell to decide how effective extracurricular activities are to a students academic success. Another case that was conducted by Thomas Herbert centers on the study of 8 different student athletes that had been identified as happy in junior high for 120 days (Herbert, T. 1995). As my own son was in the gifted program this was also an interesting study.By observing and using questionnaires, and looking at their academic scores, the conclusion Mr. Herbert came to was that they all had a strong academic record along with positive self-esteem. Mr. Herberts rationale is that they gained these positive attributes through their involvement in playing competitive sports. Just like in Mr. Jordons r esearch, Mr. Herberts research also had limitations. In this case these students were from the inner city, therefore it would not be an accurate example of society as a whole or in comparison to J.W. Eater.These are three research cases that weigh in favor of athletics helping promote academics. However in order to be able to conduct a research proposal that is fair you have to look at both sides and there are some articles that shows some negative correlations between academics and sports. One such article was written by Mr. Glenn Cook that is establish on his prior experiences working with student athletes. Mr. Cook suggests that todays society has placed more emphasis on athletics than they do academics (Cook, G. 2003).He feels because of this shift, students are not having the academic success they would otherwise had if athletics wasnt involved. He feel that the students are not being pushed to achieve the most from their academics because they are being given a pass so to spea k because of the time involved with their particular sport. A Mr. William Bainbridge writes a similar article taking the stance that athletics is hindering the academic part of school (Bainbridge, W. 2004). His point of view is that the culture is so enamored with the likes of athletes such as Kobe Bryant or Dwight Howard who skip college and go straight to the NBA.He feels this is a deterrent for the kid who wants to go to college and graduate. Although I see the points in both Mr. Cook and Mr. Bainbridge opinions, they are just that, an opinion. An actual research article that helps support their opinion was conducted by Ms. Leah Bucknavage and a Mr. Frank Worrell where their research shows a negative correlation between athletics and academics (Bucknavage, L. Worrell, F. 2005). The research indicated that some students who participated in an intramural sport actually showed a decline in academic achievement.It should be noted that a limitation to this research is that it is base d on an intramural sport as opposed to a regular sports team that requires tryouts in order to make the team and participate which requires more time and commitment. Within the majority of research I found supporting the positive effects between athletics and academics, it could easily be argued that athletics helps promote academic achievement in students. Through my research proposal I would hope to find that my results held with the posture quo.In my research proposal I will be using student questionnaires as this seems to a popular method used by other researcher into this topic. I would also be looking at the students grades in all subject areas pre and post their participation in their sport, along with their ISAT scores from when the started participating as early as the 6th grade through their 8th grade career. I would want to see, at the minimum, that their grades were passing and undifferentiated over this period of time. I plan on looking at J. W. Eater junior high on a grade-by-grade level. The esearch will be through with(p) in the form of questionnaires for each grade that the students will have to fill out themselves. The survey instrument used in this research will be designed to determine whether or not the activities that junior high students choose have an effect on their academic achievement and will be based on a four point Likert-scale, with 1 heart and soul I agree 2 meaning I somewhat agree 3 meaning I somewhat disagree and 4 meaning, I disagree. A personal data sheet that also request demographic data will be included along with the survey.These demographic answers will be reported in percentages and charts. The questions in the non-demographic part of the survey will generally be about their attitudes towards school and learning in general. They will also be asked if they flow rately play, have played or plan on playing a sport in junior high. The questionnaire will see if there is a correlation between participating in athletics and their expectation of themselves. Because the questionnaire will have both convergent and divergent questions I will be able to get a better result as to the correlation of athletic participation and the self-expectations.Their current grades and ISAT scores will also be recorded. The goal is to compare the scores, both pre and post, and questionnaire results with those of the non-extracurricular participant and see if the data supports the hypothesis that athletics promotes academics. As a electromotive force future administrator this is information that I would like to have access to in my potential school in order to determine the value of sports or extracurricular activities. Although I feel there is a positive correlation between sports and academics, I have to put the educational part of school starting signal and foremost.If I were to see that the academic part of my students schooling is being affected by extracurricular activities then I would have to make adjustment to those activities. This could be done in cutting an activity altogether or creating other opportunities to help the student-athlete be successful. I think this project has reinforced my belief that if garment up properly within the school environment, then there is a positive correlation between extracurricular activities and academics. I think its up to each administrator to do what is in the best interest for his or her school and students.

Comparison of The Economies of India and China

Comparison of The Economies of India and mainland chinawareThe economies of India and China atomic number 18 among the largest economies in the world. However the differences in the size, composition and other quantitative and qualitative features stand in stark contrast when comparing China and India. India, has a much sm eacher economy, about only a fifth of Chinas. Its exports are a fraction of Chinas, as are its imports. Indias economy is mostly dependent on its large internal market with external trade accounting for just 20% of the countrys GDP. This is a huge difference from China, given just how large a part of Chinas economy is due to International trade. In fact, Indias balance of payments (BoP) on its underway account has been negative. However this is probably due to its ever increasing oil import bill and its overall Balance of Payments (BoP) was positive since the late 60s due to remittances from Non nonmigratory Indians and increased foreign direct investment.Howe ver, the darker side to blistering growth rates achieved by China is captured by indices of disagreement. While the current Gini Index, a measure of inequality of income/ riches, of India is 36.8, the same for China is 46.9, which is remarkably high. However China has successfully reduced the proportion of macrocosm living below the poverty line to 10% charm India has 22% of its population living below the poverty line. given the sizes of both populations, the difference is massive, and finding the causes of this difference is crucial.A significant question that many economists give up tried to answer is the reason behind Chinas superlative economic growth. Consensus is now broadly reached with the explanation that it was a combination of several factors, not least the proactive actions of the government activity, coupled with already favorable historical circumstances that are responsible. Chinas really strengths in these areas take up been Indias weaknesses.Political Econom yThe histories of China and India have been very opposite and critical in explaining the growth contrast. China has been by and large a stable, centrally run state through its history with limited periods of instability and overlook of a single authority. Indias history has been exactly the reverse.Since 1949 the government, under Chinas socialist political and economic system, has been responsible for planning and managing national economy. Foreign trade is supervised by the Ministry of Commerce, customs, and the Bank of China, the foreign exchange arm of the Chinese banking system, which controls access to the foreign currency required for imports. Ever since restrictions on foreign trade were reduced, there have been broad opportunities for individual enterprises to engage in exchanges with foreign firms without much intervention from official agencies.INFRASTRUCTURECompared to India, China has a sound developed infrastructure. Some of the big factors that have created a star k difference between the economies of the twain countries are man bureau and labor development, water management, wellness care facilities and services, communication, civic amenities and so on.. Although India has become much developed than before, it is still plagued by problems such as lack of civic amenities. In fact unlike India, China is still investment in huge amounts towards manpower development and strengthening of infrastructure.EDUCATIONIn Education, 99.1 % of Chinese children attend school for 9 years, ensuring a high level of literacy. In India, literacy is 50 to 60% . China and India face similar challenges in their higher schooling sector with intense competition for admission to the best institutions and universities. But China is farthest ahead on the supply side with nearly 100 high quality institutions and is investing heavily in creating many more, leaving India far behind. As a result China is turning out many more top quality students than India. China has opened up higher education for both mystical and foreign investment. Foreign investors can come in by tying up with local Chinese partners.Unlike India, China is experiencing a great deal of two-way international student traffic. China has become star of the worlds great study-abroad destinations. Currently more than 60,000 foreigners study in Chinese universities, and that image is swelling each year. China is the number-one choice for U.S. students who want to study in Asia . China is active and aggressive about becoming a major(ip) shammer in international education.HEALTHIn general, for both countries, infected diseases of the past sit alongside emerging infectious diseases and chronic illnesses associated with ageing societies, although the burden of infectious diseases is much higher in India. Whilst globalisation contri andes to widening inequalities in health and healthcare in both countries there is evidence that local circumstances are important, especially with resp ect to the structure and financing of health care and the implementation of health policy.For example, India has huge problems providing even rudimentary health care to its large population of urban slum dwellers whilst China is struggling to re-establish universal rural health insurance. In terms of funding access to health care, the Chinese state has traditionally supported most costs, whereas private insurance has always played a major role in India, although recent changes in China have leaven the burgeoning of private health care payments. China has, arguably, had more success than India in improving population health, although recent reforms have severely impacted upon the ability of the Chinese health care system to operate effectively. Both countries are experiencing a decline in the amount of government funding for health care and this is a major issue that must be addressed.In China earlier extensive national provision of health and education universal education until Cl ass X, and public services to ensure nutrition, health and sanitation. In India the public provision of all of these has been extremely inadequate throughout this period and has deteriorated in per capita terms since the early ninetiesA Close Look Special Economic Zones (or SEZs) in India and ChinaChina pursued an inward-looking developmental strategy from the 1960s to the late 1970s.From late 1978 onward, Deng started to maintain a critical role in Chinese politics and the opening of China. In May, fourteen coastal cities became open cities. Deng and other top leaders ratified the setting up of the first SEZs in Guangdong and Fujian they enjoyed geographic proximity to neighboring advanced economies and are coastal cities with access to sea-ports.In addition to picking the mightily locations for SEZs, Deng and other reformists also carefully appointed leaders to head the major SEZs. In general, these leaders tended to be open minded and possessed a wealth of political experienc e. Their dedication to work and their upright and honest styles helped them to avoid scandals that could tarnish the reputation of reform. Liang also cracked down hard on official putrescence to defuse accusations against the SEZ.Under Liangs leadership Shenzhen created a number of benchmarks in Chinas economic reform in the early 1980s. One was the so-called Shenzhen efficiency, exemplified by the completion of one floor of a high-rise office building indoors only three days. In addition three new offices responsible for economic policies in the SEZ were placed under the jurisdiction of the Mayors Office the General Office of the city government, the SEZ Development Company, and the SEZ Construction Company. This centralized and efficient economic decision process in the hand of local leaders paved the way for rapid formation and operation of the SEZ, which was much needed for the newly established zone in its very early years.First, joint ventures and foreign-owned enterprises w ere allowed in the SEZs, but needed special approval outside them. Second, prices and distribution of goods were not regulated by the market within the SEZs, but by central plans outside the zones Third, SEZs had jurisdiction in approving much larger investment projects than non-zone localities. Fourth, SEZs enjoyed preferential treatment in tax and tariff reductions and exemptions. For example, the unified income tax at the SEZs was set at a preferential rate of 15 percent, even lower than the 18.5 percent in Hong Kong.25 Finally, SEZs were granted preferential monetary arrangements.Fiscal autonomy generated tremendous fiscal incentives and exerted heavy pressure for Shenzhen to reform and develop. These privileges enabled investors to enjoy the lowest corporate income tax rates and tariffs on imports and exports, as well as a freer play of markets in SEZs. SEZs become the premier place in China for attracting FDI.Initially, Shenzhen was short of funds necessary for building stre ets and urban infrastructure. However, within four years, the city accomplished urban development worth 100 million yuan with only 18 million yuan of loans. It built two industrial districts as well as fifty-five streets of a total length of 100 kilometers. In comparison to India we find that Indian SEZs lack in precisely the areas in which Chinese SEZs seem to have an advantage, such as infrastructure, tackling bureaucracy, corruption, etc.While SEZs in India are generally set up all around the country SEZs in China are mostly on the coast, along one side of the country due to better connectivity to the outside world and advantages in exports.ConclusionPopular opinion is that India cannot catch up with China in the near future, at least in the next few years. China leads India in foreign investment, a key contributor to economic growth, by a margin of 10 to 1, because foreign investors, who can place their money anywhere, see more opportunities and fewer obstacles in China. Ironica lly, Indian democracy is viewed as a hindrance vis-a-vis the stability of Chinas authoritarian regime on its liberalizing market and teachable unions. India also lacks a Hong Kong and a Taiwan, next-door technology, and capital hubs that when combined with the mainlands abundant, cheap, and productive human resources create powerful complements. China dominates in manufacturing and has the market size and spending power domestically The constraints on the growth of Indias GDP appear to be insufficient investments according to most economists, including FDI and investments in infrastructure. The most commonly cited constraints on investments is the confusion and stupidity of policy change as well as confusion and tardiness at the bureaucratic levels, as contrasted with the single mindedness of the Chinese state.However, changes are gradually being seen in these areas, and political reform could strengthen the role of the government and combat inefficiency. Also the provision of high quality and long lasting infrastructure is beginning to occur. If government initiates these reforms and provides the requisite infrastructure to attracts investment, the possibility that India catches up with China in terms of economic growth does not look so impossible.

ASDA Human Resource Management

ASDA valet preference ManagementThe objectives of this report are to stimulate the serviceman Resource Management, Human Resource Planning and Development, and slaying of ASDA. Furthermore, it explains the military personnel resourcefulness management activities, patterns of human resource management, effectiveness of organisational objectives, performance monitoring of ASDA. Additionally, it also address, the importance of staffing, performance appraisals, compensation and benefits, formulation and phylogeny, employee and labour relations, safety and health, and human resource research. It discusses how the Human resource management piddles to ensure that employees are able to meet the organizations goals.A brief fundament of ASDAASDA group of company operates as one of the largest food retailers in the United Kingdom. The companys stores sell a wide variety of merchandise including food and apparel, along with raise wares, music videos, and books. ASDA has approximately 259 stores in its arsenal-each avenging nearly 42000 square feet with slightly as large as 100000 square feet. The company, once known as a dairy conglomerate, was acquired by Wal-Mart stores Inc. in 1999. TESCO has 31.1 per cent of the UK grocery market while ASDAs share is 16.4 percent. My familiar organisation is ASDA and I leave answer these tasks using ASDA.Human Resource Management (HRM)Human Resource Management activitiesHRM activities designed to enhance the effectiveness of an organisations die hard-force in achieving organisational goals. HRM consists of numerous activities, includingEqual employment opportunity (EEO) compliance.Employee recruitment, selection, motivation and orientation.Performance evaluation and compensation.Training and develop skills.Development and evaluation.Safety, health and wholesomeness, etc.Recruitment and selectionThe success of an organisation depends on having the amend number of staff, with the right skills and abilities.Recruitment i nvolves the practice session of organizational practices to allure the number and types of individuals who are willing to apply for job vacancies (Rynes, 1991 Rynes Cable, 2003).ASDA has al routes tried to keep it as simple as possible notwithstanding theyre a big company and want to be sure that application is seen by the right person. Step one At First ASDA score submitted application. ASDA has a specific jobs advertisement on their website. Step two The application process of online will usually allow in some verbal, numerical and personality tests, as well as an application form. Step three ASDAs employer may ask applicant to attend an interview.Objectives Of recruitment and selectionThe objectives of the recruitment and selection process of human resource management are given belowTo acquire, retain and develop the best giving and skills.Keep the expenditure of selection down.Make certain that the applicant selected will desire the job and stick at ASDA.To obtain the numb er and quality of employees that can be selected in order to help ASDA to achieve its goals and objectives.To identify the about assign candidate to fill each post.Achievement of recruitment and selectionASDA al focal points look for a candidate with solid experience and untested ideas and a fresh perspective. Applications may be completed online or visiting an ASDA store and getting an application form. ASDA is determining for present and upcoming manpower requirements to coordinate with cooking and job analysis activities.Training and developing skillsTraining is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behavior through encyclopedism experience to achieve effective performance. Training is to develop the abilities of the individuals and to satisfy the current and future motivations of the organization. A company like ASDA if an employee lacks cooking is risky for fire, chemical substance and other health hazards.Induction ASDA father Award Winning Best Wel come induction is the best way to get up to speed with their contrast and find to feet as quickly as possible. Store Appreciation Day A brand-new comer will have the opportunity to attend a store appreciation day after his Best Welcome induction to understand how their stores operate. Growing career ASDA will work to help grow talent to build up career with them. The new study programme is divided into two parts the first is the service day, the second day is devoted to sell skills.Objectives of training and developing skillsThe objectives of the training and develop skills of HRM are given belowTo staying competitive, training is the gravestone to sustainability.Reduce wastage and accident rates.To keep staff motivated and street smart with industry trends and new technologies is essential to achieving that goal.Increase job satisfaction and motivate workers.Establish the around effective and efficient working methods.Achievement of training and developmentASDA follow an id eal step by step process to train and develop their human power. They hire attitude and train for skill and practical experience. ASDA have created some innovative and effective slipway for staffs to learn. Their training and development programs have been designed to reach a senior role within five years. arrive ats and rewardsBenefit and Reward may cost a lot but it is important for further achievement. It promote employee to give high performance. Likewise, holyday payment, Colleague discount voucher, Pension etc influence people to give their 100% effort where they works. Colleague discount After 12 weeks, ASDA provide Colleague Discount Card. Bonus Their bonus scheme is designed to recognize and reward colleagues for their determined contribution. Flexible working ASDA offers the opportunity to do everything from swapping a shift.Pension ASDA Pension Plan is a great addition for retirement. Night film director Allowance Night Managers receive an extra allowance of either 300 0 or 5000 per year depending on the responsibility of their role.Voluntary benefits ASDA gives colleague benefits, like recognition, Long service awards etc.Source http//www.asda.jobs/all-about/index.htmlObjectives of benefits and rewardsThe aims of benefits and rewards of HRM are toAchieve high performance from the staffs of an organisation.Make better life and certain future for staffs to get total output.Ensure workers concentrate 100% on their work.Encourage employees to think and better plan for the success of the company.Achievement of benefits and rewardsTo achieve organisational success, a company must have to maintain the benefit, reward and compensation scheme. In 2008, ASDA paid out nearly 38 million to 17,000 colleagues who planned to spend their cash on anything from horses, to shark dives to laser eye treatment Voluntary benefits, Safety, Compensation, Wellness, Rewards, etc back up employee to work or give 100% for the organization.Theoretical determines of human re source managementHuman Resource Management is generally performance or demeanour based. There are different types of theoretical Models of Human Resource Management. Among them two nonpluss are explained as belowGuests model of HRMDavid Guests (1989, 1997) adapted the Harvard model to develop his model based upon four outcomes. These are 1. Strategy integration, 2.Commitment, 3. Flexibility, 4.Quality. The guest model has 6 componentsHRM strategyHRM practicesHRM outcomesBehaviour outcomesPerformance outcomesFinancial outcomesFollowing Guest model ASDA takes some HRM strategies and practices to achieve some outcomes. It also tries its best to encourage employees through different activities for obtaining behaviour outcomes. Along with Handy, there are four types of stopping point Power, Role, Task and Person. ASDA culture combines two of these. Top management of ASDA reveals power culture that makes the overall decisions. Other one is the task culture. In ASDA the overall aim of t he organisation is task orientated and focussing on team customs, and powerful message between all levels of staff. ASDA has integrated the contingency approach by considering the environment culture.The Harvard model of HRMThe Harvard model was produced by Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Mills, and Walton in 1984, which is consists of six components1. Stakeholders interests2. Situational factors3. Human Resource Management policy4. Human Resource outcomes5. Long term consequences6. A feedback loop through which the outputs flow this instant into the organisation and to the stakeholdersThe Harvard Model is emphasised as the soft approach to HRM, employees like stakeholders of the company. In this model has discussed four areas such as, reward system, employee influences, human resource flow, and work systems, there are also included situational factors such as influence of trade unions, labour market, and laws. According to the Harvard theory, employees are an asset rather than a cost. I n ASDA, the line managers are in charge for people and store managers are in charge for the day to day running as a junto of both the hard and soft approach. InTask-2 Human resource homework and development displayOrganizations must be highly selective in identifying quick employees and developing and enhancing their skills to reach their full potential. HR planning identifying human resource needs, career building, succession planning, and the development and implementation of a career development program. Human Resource Planning is systematic continuing process of analysing an organisations human resource needs under changing conditions and integrating this analysis with the development of HR policies appropriate to meet those needs.Stephen P Marjorie C, Peoples Resourcing Contemporary HRM in practice, Chapter 4, Page-90 (3rd edition)Human Resource Planning (HRP)HRP is not just the production of manpower plans and futuristic scenario planning, but needs to be seen as an import ant dimension of almost all aspects of HR. The planning of human resources becomes a search for those individuals who now and in the future will contribute most to the success of the organization. Employers have not only to acquire appropriate people to resource it, but they also need to train and develop them, for the following reasons as illustrated by Dressler, G (2003).Human Resource Development (HRD)Human Resource Development (HRD) is about develop people to improving recruitment and retention, improving competitiveness, implementing competitiveness, implementing new technology, improving customer service for enhance the organisations ability to compete with globalisation or competitive line world effectively. For worker development, human resource development (HRD) is the structure. By which, workforce can develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities.(Source RDI DMS course material of HRM)Three HR Planning and development modelsThere are sundry( a) human resources planning or development models. We look at three models which given belowOpen new product lineOpen new Store and distribution systemDevelop staffing for new installation-production workers-Supervisors-Technical staff-Other managersRecruit skilled workers Develop technical training programs Transfer managers from other facilities Recruiting and training programs feasibleTransfers infeasible because of lack of managers with right skillsBasic Human resource planning model and its effectiveness in ASDAToo costly to hire from internationalDevelop new objectives and plansRecruit managers from outsideHuman Resource models are made according to the organizational objectives and plan requirement for attaining human resource goals. Furthermore, human resource objectives are straight related to the organizational objective and planning. To open a new branch of any company, Human Resource discussion section need to think about production staffs, line managers, business mana ger, technical staffs and etc. Workforces are valuable for implementing the new product line, factory, distribution system, and achieving organizational goads. HR department of ASDA recruit skilled workers, develop technical training programs, and transfer managers from other facilities with right skills. ASDA involves forecasting outcome of various HR programs for employee flowing into, all the way through and out a variety of job classifications. They develop training programs rhythmicly and broadly which are reflected in their activities.Attwoods Human Resource planning model and its effectiveness in ASDAHuman resource planning attempts to analyse likely influences on the supply of and demand for people, with a view to maximising the organizations future performance, Attwood (1989)Attwood modify the planning for people in organizations that involves trying to obtain the right people, in the right numbers, with the right knowledge, skills and experience, in the right jobs, in th e right place, at the right time, at the right cost. Following the Attwoods Human Resource Planning model, ASDA tries to do actions of supplying and making demand for the people to maximizing its future performance. ASDA also makes projects of future availability of key staff. This model adjusts and matches between current staff and future plan for its staffing terms. Then it makes evaluation of stand-in approaches of dealing with these. Then ASDA selects the best substitute to reach its better HR planning. Following the Attwoods Human Resource Planning model, ASDA does analysing of current staff in organization and personal trends from personal records.Workforce planning model and its effectiveness in ASDAWorkforce planning is the system of analysing an organisations probable prospect needs for people in terms of data, skills and locations. This model allowed the company to draw how those requirements can be met through recruitment and training. The main policy of this model is t o make a right proportion of recruitment which is suitable for the organisation. It is very significant for a company like ASDA to plan ahead by following this model for better performance of workforce.ASDA is applying a workers planning diagram to set up the possible require for new workforce. This one considers executive and non- executive positions. In 2009/2010, for instance, ASDA estimate that to maintain their trade development there will be a demand for approximately 1,800 new managers. So, ASDA can adjust employment levels and recruit where needed. ASDA is looking to fill many vacancies within the company following this model.Task-3 PerformanceIntroductionPerformance management is a process for sharing an judgement about needs to be achieved and then managing and developing people in a way that enables such shared objectives to be achieved. It is always important for managers and supervisors to get the best performance from their workforce in terms of levels of production and quality of output. Armstrong and Baron (2005) pay off performance management as a process which contributes to the effective management of individuals and terms in order to achieve high levels of organisational performance. As such, it establishes shared understanding about what is to be achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure it is achieved. The purpose of performance appraisal is to enable employees to gain a light(a) picture of how they are performing in the organisation and to identify areas where they need additional support and training. Performance management is the method of making a work environment or setting in which people are enabled to perform to the best of their abilities.The five key elements of the performance appraisal areMeasurementFeedback confirmative reinforcementExchange of views and contract.Monitored HR Performance in ASDAIn ASDA, performance development reviews throughout the year and also formal appraisal intervie ws at regular intervals. ASDA can improve Benchmarking but they have to set standards and monitor the progress of themselves and competitors. For instance, setting goals, monitoring the employees accomplishment of those goads, contributing feedback with the employees, evaluating the employees performance, rewarding performance or sackful the employee. ASDA is a huge organisation and they know that the secret to being successful and reliable is to provide good Customer Service. ASDA monitor the customer service patterned advance via Benchmarking. This method in used by many organisations and is helped to show the performance of Customer service with other supermarket outlets. ASDA believe that the best approach to accomplish value for money is to monitor the performance levels of staff and want to reduce wasteful actions.Effectiveness of Performance in ASDABy monitoring improvement, departmental managers or business managers can assess the aptitude of employees and determine which ones are meeting the terms of their agreement and contributing to ASDAs success. ASDA monitoring is the quality of work being produced that is one of the features and the efficiency levels within departments.1. Assurance that the right people are in the right place at the right time.2.The improvement in the short-term outcomes such as attracting applicants, maximizing performance, and minimizing dissatisfaction and stress is made in order to retain valued employees.3. HR planning will serve as a thread that ties in concert all other human resource activities and integrates these with the rest of the organization.4.Balancing present needs-of organizations and their employees for the future.Balance score card (BSC)The balanced scorecard (BSC) is the most widely employ performance management system today. The BSC was originally developed as a performance measurement system in 1992 by Dr. Robert Kaplan and Dr. David Norton at the Harvard Business School. unconnected earlier performan ce measurement systems, the BSC measures performance across a number of different perspectives-a financial perspective, a customer perspective, an internal business process perspective, and an insane asylum and learning perspective. Through the use of the various perspectives, the BSC captures both leading and lagging performance measures, thereby providing a more balanced view of company performance. stellar(a) indicators include measures, such as customer satisfaction, new product development, on-time delivery, employee competency development, etc.ASDA balanced ScorecardTotal Management commitmentIT solutions for results reporting stylishness Target setting how does this Work?Linking reward and recognition to scorecard performanceCascading the BSC throughout the businessTransferring ownership of the target measures to individualsBusiness planning the BSC way.Suggest ways to make ImprovementsSometimes, we see that poor performance lead to dismissal. Without checking, if wastefu lness is allowed to continue, staff will lose interest, motivation will be concentrated and no cost increase to produce good quality products or services. Extra information on how to make improvement in the HR of ASDA is summarized as a suggestion as follows1) Choose the composition of the audit team There has to be a representative from the HR function and from among senior line managers.2) Recognize the functions main customers The key decision is to clarify who makes the final decision to buy the services provided by the function.3) consider the HR functions mission statement This statement describes the reason for the HR functions existence.4) Reconsider the HR functions role in developing relevant HR policies and practices5) Make internal comparisons to establish best practice The organization need to build and unceasingly update a unique database of HR practices that gives an overview.RecommendationsThey should to do constant reviewing of their Human Resource Development, a nd make adjustment are necessary. They should do demonstrate a model implementation of HRP. They should improve their HR sector to reach an ultimate goal.Suggested improvements ASDA should-reduce employee turn overgive confidence to long-term employmentsupport training allowing employees progression to superior job opportunitiesincrease their employees wagesmake recruitment strategy efficientlet the employee enjoy more wealth of benefitinclude bonuskeep continue environmental improvement

Motivations for Travel and Tourism

Motivations for get going and TourismTourist motivations be the factors to make hatful wishing to go motive power. They want to fork out individualized fulfilment (Coltman, 1989). Crompton (cited in Van Harssel, 1994) discovered that most responders overly thought that start is exchangeable a rest and relaxation from routine. However, it did non manufacture changing their way of lives, volume just continue to do the similar things only in a distinct surroundings and physical context. He in like manner indicated that blend in so-and-so provide for self-exploration, excitement or societal interaction. They are the reasons why the great unwashed operate around the world. Tourists would not learn all the things by their routines or from television and books. It is better for them to get experiences by themselves, beca design of unedited by anyone else. Afterwards kick the bucket arsehole make a marked difference with routines, and it forget provide exciting, uncommo n or strange things to tourist. Furthermore, the high-tech world increases social lives. For case, state impart go to the movies, shop malls or c erstwhilerts with friends and colleagues. Different gender, age, social class, retirement, unemployment, social relationships, characters and socialization can affect the decision-making of tourism (Argyle, 1996). Wahab (1975 cited in Burns, 1999) established several travel purposes, they include subscriber line tourism, health tourism, cultural tourism, sport tourism and amateurish tourism. It can be easy to recognize that what people generally travel for. The major reasons of travel are freedom and entertainment which can be delineate as pleasure travel (Argyle, 1996). Tourists expect and believe that going on a vacation can partly or fully diametric involve and wants ( lollygag and Morrison, 2002). Ryan (1991 cited in Burns, 1999) stated just about types of motivation and they are determinants of people who go travelling. Tour ist motivations include lose, relaxation, strengthening family togetherness, wish and self-fulfilment, prestigiousness, obtain, social interaction and sexual opportunity. In addition, tourists are also motivated to travel by other factors. For instant, television can attract people to travel in newly destinations and experience different cultures (Van Harssel, 1994). Tourists hope to experience various cultures and meet new people over the world because of the curiosity. It is the primary motivation of all visitors (Hudman and Hawkins, 1989). Credit cards are acquire common among the world, so it is convenient for tourists to travel around without cash or just with a little cash. Basically, they tend to pay for the accommodation and recreation by credit cards. Additionally, well-educated can increase and stimulate people to go on a vacations, because education excite the curiosity of people. They hope to widen and better knowledge as well (Van Harssel, 1994).The most famous th eory to find motivation is Maslows ineluctably hierarchy. Maslow used hierarchy to illustrate human involve as stimulators. There are 5 level hierarchy, including self-actualization, esteem, belonging, security and physiological needs. Subsequently, he added cognitive and aesthetic needs. However, it is not actually clear to show that how these two needs fit into the condition hierarchy. Human volition not be motivated if the lowest needs, which is physiological needs, are satisfied. Next, they will be motivated by undermentioned needs, the security needs. Different needs are satisfied such(prenominal)(prenominal) and such (Ross, 1994). However, Page, 2003 argued that Maslow hierarchy model is not faultless, because people do not satisfy their needs hierarchically. Besides, some needs probably emerge at the alike time. Nevertheless, the hierarchy model really highlights individual development needs. It also describes that human exert themselves for personal growth. In order to explain the motivations further (Nickerson, 1996), many scholars agree developed Maslows work since 1950s. Thus, the needs of people to go travelling can be administered from turn on and pull factors as well (Lundberg, 1990). Epperson (1983, cited in Lundberg, 1990) indicated that release factors are much more about internal, the personal desires. They motivate people to seek and go on a vacation (Page 2003). They are intended to satisfy different psychological needs (Dann, 1977 cited in mill about and Morrison, 2002). Epperson listed six push motives, such as, escape, self-discovery, relaxation, prestige, challenge and adventure. The push factors of Mainland Chinese tourists are erudition, fame, and having veracious personal relationship. Therefore, they travel in Hong Kong because of friendly, modern and convenient deposit for shop and vacation (Liu et al, 2008). In contrast, pull factors are international elements to the people. They act like stimulators attracting peo ple to travel, such as, advertisement of resorts (Page 2003). It is about the advantages of the certain destinations. They are stunning views, historical places, cultural and sporting regularts (Liu et al, 2008). Participating or honoring sports also motivated people to travel (Hudman and Hawkins, 1989). Accessibility, high-tech impression and in permit are the important pull factors of Mainland Chinese. For these reasons Hong Kong is very successful in fashion retail, so it attracts plenty of Mainland Chinese tourists (Liu et al, 2008). Finding out the importance of push and pull factors, it needs the five primary(prenominal) market segments. They are lone tourists, families, couples, friends, and tour groups. For example, escape element is mutually related to lone tourists and couples, these tourists less choose togetherness. By contrast, Prestige is very important for people who travelling with friends, families and tour groups (Jamrozy, 1992 cited in Mill and Morrison, 2002) .Normally, some destinations excite been successful in tourism industry, because they scan the tourist motivation very well. They know how to attract tourist see their places (Page, 2003). Certainly, overarching tourists are in the world (Burns, 1999). Stanley Plog announced a famous model of tourist type. It is for classify people into psychographic and allocentrics by visitor characteristic. Psychometrics tourists travel purpose is relaxation, so they prefer to do the general activities in familiar destinations. The journey is prearranged. Besides, they do not want any foreign environment or atmosphere. On the other hand, allocentrics people are extroverted, self-confident and willing to meet new people. They are also curious about new experiences, so they generally travel in unexploited destinations. The schedule is expected to arrange by themselves rather than travel agencies. Thus, it will be more flexible and unrestrained (Nikerson, 1996). Nevertheless, there are some peopl e who do not desire to go travelling, because they think that it is safer or more leisurely to stay in their hometowns. However, if people like travelling, the motivations can be dual-lane into two determinants, they are related to destination and non-related to destination. Travel for bloodline, education, health, organized religion and visiting friends and relatives provide a few or no choices of going other destinations for sort of (Coltman, 1989). Many tourists from Taiwan, the United States and South and Southeast Asia travel in Hong Kong for business. It can show that Hong Kong is an evident and important business hub (Kwong, 1997). citizenry travel abroad because of religion as well, such as pilgrimages, going to historical places, religious bases or religious activities. The most important motivation of travelling among this kind of tourists is visiting the bases. For example, Jews go to Israel. Additionally, visiting historical places and attending religious musical and dramas are propagating the certain faith. These activities can make the tourists adhering to a faith (Hudman and Hawkins, 1989). One of a good example is people travelling for visiting friends and relatives. It is often more important than visiting destinations (Coltman, 1989). In addition, tourists visit their hometown is one of the magnanimous motivator (Hudman and Hawkins, 1989). Travel is related to destinations, the motives can be full of curiosity about other culture, detonations, local people and politics (Coltman, 1989). Hall and Page, 2002 stated that all tourism interrogationers also have a consistent question, why tourists travel. It is a very important to know because everyone also has their own reason. Most people can select regions they like to travel to. For hosts, instinct travel motivations can target potential tourists, serve them and satisfy their needs and wants (Mill and Morrison, 2002). There are various tourism demands around the world. Some countries hav e ever so been a popular travel destination, and others are still in development. Every countries and regions also have their own charisma to attract tourists to travel there (Swarbrooke Horner, 2004). People probably have many reasons to travel in a destination, They even prefer to choose a holiday type (Burns, 1999). It is about motivation which is innate part of consumer behavior in tourism industry, because motivation is strong related to psychological wishes and needs (Page and Connell, 2006). It is very useful to use motivations and behaviour to classify tourists (Nickerson, 1996). Tourists will choose a destination because of the friendly local people or relaxing environment. The place is perpetually wanted to visit, or some friends suggest the place highly, or the weather is great all the time and the scenery is attractive. Other ordinary factors will be linked before people plan to go on a trip, such as, recreation, level of interest in history and culture of the plac e, obtain places, beautiful landscape, hygiene of the destination, ideal weather and salute (Lundberg, 1990 and Holloway, 2002). For instance, the travel purpose of the visitors from Europe, the Middle East and Africa is recreation. The shopping facilities and special features attract them to travel in Hon g Kong (Kwong, 1997).Actually, motivation is also about different behaviour of everyone (Argyle, 1996). The people, who like to travel around, are also divided into two categories. Some of them prefer having quite journey (Lundberg, 1990). Those people want to get away from the workplace since they always have a stressful lifestyle. They prefer to go to a new place for relaxing and for getting all pressures (Holloway, 2002). On the contrary, others wish to seek adventure (Lundberg, 1990), but it does not mean standing same pace of workday life. This kind of tourists motivation can be defined as getting away from instead of going towards somebody and something. Going away everyd ay environment is more important than the interest of visiting new people and regions. (Krippendorf, 2002). It is also important to advert at surface factors for understanding the travel reasons of tourists (Nickerson, 1996). McIntosh and Goeldner (1990, cited in Nickerson, 1996) stated that there were 4 kinds of motivators for basic travel. They included status and prestige, physical, interpersonal and cultural motivators. Firstly, status and prestige motivators are about the need for fame. Besides, people think that travel can secure admiration and recognition among their peers and friends. Secondly, physical motivators concern with health. Tourists may participate in sports event and take some recreation, and these actions are the motivators of keeping ones health. Getting treatment, medical care and attending weight loss camp are related to therapeutic health motivators. Next, people want to make new friends, leave or visit friends and family, they are also defined as interper sonal motivators. Lastly, cultural motivators describe tourists have ardent curiosity and want to experience other cultures and lifestyle (Nickerson, 1996). Facilitators are also very important for tourists, such as, disposable income, low local property rate, conveniently accessible places, friendly locals and easy entry requirement. They all can stimulate tourists to visit certain destinations (Holloway, 2002). However, some people are not able to choose their favourite travel destination due to the limited money and time (Argyle, 1996). They commonly compare with different destinations which is the most reasonable cost to travel. Then, they choose the most appealing places among those destinations. (Coltman, 1989). It is also important to understand the process about what tourists consume for travel experiences which is included costs of time and money (Page, 2003). Consumer behaviour is the process of the people to make decisions when facing various products. They concern ab out selecting, buying, using and estimating the products which can be invisible and visible (Reisinger, 2009). The main point to understand motivation is more about what products tourists buy. Customers buy the products and services which based on the capacity to satisfy their needs and wants (Page and Connell, 2006). Many authors also connect tourism with consumption together (Greenwood, 1989 Burns and Holden, 1995 and Ritzer, 1998 cited in Burns, 1999). MacCannell (1976 cited in Burns, 1999) indicated that spend not only on recreation and tangible goods, but also on the local cultures that the countries they travel to.There are various kinds of tourists in the world. They can be categorised by demographic, social, economic, cultural, geographic, psychographic and behavioural. Every kind of tourist also has various needs, behaviour and favourites (Reisinger, 2009). It is usually defined as overnight and same day visitors, such as excursionists. Obviously, excursionists will not see k any accommodation, but they still need to use other transportation and infrastructure (Burns, 1999). Two exactly the same people cannot be found. Additionally, different expectation and viewpoints also can affect decision-making of travel destinations (Page, 2003). Mill and Morrison, 2002 indicated that if children can have opportunity in holiday decision making process, it can further the possibility of the children who are satisfied the holiday choice. Intrinsic and foreign motivation can figure tourist motives out (Pearce, 1993 cited in Page, 2003). Intrinsic motivation is about individual needs to encourage themselves going travel. For example, tourists travel for self-reformation or self-realization. It can make them to have happiness, fulfilment and ego-enhancement. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is about surrounding factors which affect tourists attitudes, perceptions and preferences. For example, the tourism in the former Soviet Union, people sent labourers going on a vacation. Then, they would be refreshed and put in more efforts to work (Page, 2003). Erik Cohen announced a very famous tourism typology. He indicated that each kind of tourists interact with different destinations. It also can describe tourists behaviours and extent motivations. He separated into four types of tourists, such as, organised mass tourist, individual mass tourist, explorer and drifter. Organised and individual mass tourists keep staying in the environmental bubble, because people avoid have any unhappy affairs. Thus, they are less in touch with locals. They will arrange their trips as earlier as possible. In contrast, explorer and drifter prefer to understand deeply local culture and interact with locals. They will not remain in the environmental bubble (Burns, 1999).Tourism is the only way that it can let people to get away from daily routine temporarily and spend some holidays in one or more travel destinations. A journey can be changed and planned according t o ones preference (Leiper, 1990 cited in Page, 2003).Travel for shoppingWhy do people go shopping? Mowen, 1995 stated that shopping motivation is from wish, drive or urge. People will go and shop when they are in need of something. In addition, there are a quid of shopping motivations during trips, such as low currency rate and bargain prices. Tourists also buy gifts as souvenirs of travel destinations or for steadying the relationship with people (Tasci et al, 2010). However, some people like shopping because they enjoy the purchasing process, rather than the products (Vipul and Mahendra 2009). They probably just want to escape from workday and experience other cultures (Tasci et al, 2010).Nowadays, shopping becomes an important part in the tourism industry. It is even a main part of a journey (Holloway, 2002). Shopping in Hong Kong is the main activity for tourists (Kwong, 1997). For example, tourists shopping spending makes a powerful impact on Hong Kong local economy. It is sti ll the main spending among all spending categories until 2009. The total expenditure of shopping on overnight and same-day in-town visitors were HK$82.12 billion, it was around US$10.5 (Census and Statistics Department, 2010). to a greater extentover, Mainland Chinese tourists become the highest consumers within all markets in Hong Kong. They spend a good deal of their money on shopping (Wong et al, 2002). When certain of seasons, weeks or months are bargain gross sales in some countries, plenty of visitors will travel to those places (Holloway, 2002). For example, the beginning of January and July usually are the bargain sales period of most shops in Japan (Japan National Tourism Organization, 2011). In addition, innovative and well-designed shopping malls and department stores are becoming an attraction of leisure activity. These comfortable environments can attract massive tourists to spend in there and enjoy the facilities by themselves (Holloway, 2002).Travel for businessBusin ess Tourism is about people who go travelling for their work as the main purpose. Business travel is one of a most ancient tourism types. The famous one is silk road which was the main connecting route of trading silk from Asia to Europe. Today, businessmen have to travel around the world frequently due to many purposes. They have to present at the meeting, conferences, training courses, exhibitions and backup shows. The trip is significant for them because it concerns about the companies whether can be able to survive in the marketplace (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2004). The motivation of the business tourism is closely related to the companies. For this reason, they usually do not care about the cost of the trip, such as, air tickets prices. They prefer the best business deal to the negligible cost. Moreover, business tourists always consider the most convenient and fastest way to arrive the destinations, so the trustworthy and frequent transportation is very important for them. It i s not only flights, but also boats and trains. Then, business tourists can finish missions on time (Holloway, 2002). Page and Connell, 2006 also states that the employees will be reward for good performance if they succeed during the trip. China business travel spent USD$140.9 billion in 2010, it was increase 16.3% in comparison with 2009. According to the current development in China, the figure was just what the country expected. More and more overseas companies also want to negotiate the business with China, because Chinese market is getting a considerable influence in the world. Therefore, business travel is an important activity (Global Business Travel Association, 2011).Holloway, 2002 indicated that business tourists need to plan their journeys on the weekdays, because they hope to spend much time with their families at the weekends. It is fair decent since they are always ready whenever for the trip, even at night. They probably have a trip at short notice. The time of stay ing at home is getting less. In addition, business tourists have to face a lot of unexpected events, such as, delayed flights or traffic jams. They may be lonely and worried. It can be quite stressful for them (Lundberg, 1990). Therefore, some businessmen like to take their partner to the journey. They can make good use of the extra time to have a short pleasure trip. In some cases assistant is needed too if the trip is included leisure time. Owing to travel frequently, some business tourists prefer particular airlines and take advantages of the frequent flyer programmes. Further, the trip cost is usually paid by the company. Thus, they do not select direct and the cheapest way for making sure to be awarded as many miles as they can (Holloway, 2002).Travel for visiting friends and relativesVisiting friends and families also has a history. This type of tourism panache has been pandemic from sixteenth century (Girouard, 1978). There are plenty of people migrants around the world. Th is permanent immigration can develop a tourism trend, visiting friends and relatives. It can provide a demand of tourism in those countries (Page and Connell, 2006). It is a good example in Guangdong Province, plenty of this kind of tourists over there. According to the history, Hong Kong was once part of Guangdong district. Thus, most ancestral homes of the residents are Guangdong. Owing to this special origin, a lot of Guangdong residents mostly have relatives and friends in Hong Kong nowadays (Tsui, 2004). Besides, there were above tens of thousands Hong Kong people migrated to overseas during 1980s to 1990s. The hot countries were The United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. However, the relatives and friends of the migrants were still in Hong Kong. Both of them had to be separated for a long time and they would look away to seeing each other. Therefore, friends and relatives would travel in those countries for visiting the migrants. (Buckley, 1997). In addition, nowad ays people go and join the wedding party which is also defined as visiting friends and relatives, it is not just in an earlier stage. The transportations are becoming well developed, people can travel in other countries easily (Swarbrooke Horner, 2004).Travel for experiencing other culturesEvery country also has their own local culture. There are 12 cultural elements mainly, they are handicrafts, language, traditions, gastronomy, art and music, history, local work, architecture, religion educational system, dress and leisure activities. All of them can enable tourists to experience more about the local culture of the travel destinations (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). It is usually the main reason of a visitor travelling in a country (McKercher duCriss, 2003). Tourists can have a good opportunity to deeply understand the local culture through and through the. For example, they can go to heritage attractions, try the local food and attend the local festival celebration during the journ ey (Swarbrooke Horner, 2004). There is a Mid-Autumn Festival in Hong Kong annually. This festival represents togetherness and harmony of each family and people eat moon-cakes with their families together (Yip, 2008). Even though it is also a Chinese Festival, Hong Kong has new ranges and varieties of moon-cakes (Tse, 2007). On the other hand, some tourists prefer to visit in a place which has similar cultural background. Tourists can communicate with the hosts easily because the language is slightly different or no discrepancy. (Reisinger, 2009). For example, Mainland Chinese frequently go travelling in Hong Kong. The cultural distance between this kind of visitors and the hosts is little or even there is not (Law et al, 2008). coin rateThis is a significant part in tourism industry. It deeply concerns about the customers consumption. Tourists will be willing to travel in that place and they will spend more if the exchange rate is low (Tribe, 2005). People will choose foreign count ries if the currency rate is optimal (Greenwood, 2007). Exchange rate is big influence to the tourism industry since the total cost of the trip. It is the main factor of tourist behaviour. Tourists will decide the travel destinations, length of stay, the amount of spending, the frequency of travel time and the travel style because of the exchange rate. For example, people will stay in hostel instead of hotel if the currency rate is high. Some tourists will even change to other travel destinations where are low currency rate (Crouch, 1994). It is a big impact of short haul tourists especially, because this kind of tourists has sudden whims to go travelling. As usual, they compare prices in host countries to their hometown (Greenwood, 2007). Moreover, tourists of group tour also will think that the cost of the trip increases when they are surcharged by the travel agency. When the currency rate is in an unfavourable situation, most tourists will also believe that all tourism products a re expensive. They will keep reining on their spending (Swarbrooke Horner, 2004). However, it is relatively weak influence on business travellers because they prefer to strike bargains rather than the cost of the travel way. For example, Even though the air ticket and hotel cost are increase, they will still continue their journeys (Crouch, 1994). Greenwood, 2007 indicated that exchange rate also affect less in long haul tourists. Normally, the tourists plan their journeys beforehand. Thus, they usually less concern the currency rate and continue to visit selected travel destinations.Government involvementGovernments contribute greatly to the tourism industry through financial support, they will pop a lot of new projects which are planning and helping for the tourism. They need to manage and dominate the related component parts as all cost a very large amount to develop (Holloway, 2002). They act a main role in tourism industry. They can be a big help in tourism development (Lund berg, 1990). For example, Istanbul is developed to be a main shopping destination in comparison with neighbouring countries. The biggest and oldest shopping mall in the world is also located in this city. The government will hold a forty day long shopping festival from 18th work on to 26th April this year. They also bring many benefits to the visitors. Tourists can enjoy tax free shopping and get discounts on various products. Moreover, a brand new car will be awarded as the big prize everyday within the event (BI-ME staff, 2011). Promoting the tourism at overseas and home is necessary, because a good advertising of the vacation spot can attract many tourists to travel there (Holloway, 2002). For instance, the responsibility of Hong Kong Tourists Association is promoting tourism industry for booming the economy in Hong Kong. It advertises Hong Kong tourism is a fusion of the Orient and the Occident, or traditions and modernism. These themes have been mentioned in a lot of booklets and tour guides (Cheung, 1999). Choi et al, 2008 stated that Hong Kong also has other favourable conditions, such as, advantage in geography, safety, convenient to travel and live and special benefits to Mainland Chinese tourists. The countries, which target tourism revenue as their primary national income, always have tourism development scheme. It is included what new manmade attractions should be built, and attracting more tourists come and spend in the country. However, then they can hurt the industry at the same time. The national leadership can produce wide influence in tourism. They will agitate local to be discrimination or ardour in visitors (Lundberg, 1990).According to the above literature, there are various travel motivations which have reviewed. Satisfying psychological needs is the main reason. Shopping, business travel and cultural travel are the general travel types of Mainland Chinese tourists visiting Hong Kong. However, everyone also has different behaviour and tw o same people do not exist. Therefore, two research questions should be included is it only pull factors to make more and more Mainland Chinese tourists visiting Hong Kong? Secondly, what profile of Mainland Chinese tourists travelling in Hong Kong mainly?

The Diary Of Anne Frank By Anne Frank :: essays research papers

In 1942, when the Nazis began to invade their country, the Frank family went into hiding in an attic of a wargonhouse. The Franks daughter, Anne, kept a diary through out their horrible ordeal. legal proceeding before the Franks were captured in their hiding place by and by a two-year stay, Anne wrote in her diary the words, In spite of everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart. Even though Anne suffered so much her courage and character only grew stronger.Before Anne Frank went into hiding, she led a fortunate and joyous life. She was always surrounded by friends and her family was well to do. She was torn away from her happiness and placed into the harsh and cruel reality of the Nazi agenda at only thirteen years of age. All this only because she was Jewish. She stayed locked up in the attic of the warehouse for almost twenty-five months, never being able to bill outside. Such repression and life of fear would make almost any teenager completely depresse d and more miserable that words could express. However, Anne managed to keep hope for a better tomorrow and her respect for the human race.Anne made a very powerful statement in her last words. To truly believe such a thing after being abused by the Nazis is quite remarkable indeed. I am very sure that most people, including myself, would have thought that the sphere was a completely corrupt and humans are naturally cruel if theyd have gone through such times. I believe that Anne has the ability to label such a thing because of her great unselfishness and love for all of G-ds creatures. I also believe that if Anne could have written in her diary after she had gone to the concentration camp, she would have said the exact same thing.

Free Ulysses Essays: Buck Mulligan and Stephen Dedalus :: Joyce Ulysses Essays

Buck mulligan and Stephen Dedalus of Ulysses    Though I realize that Ulysses is a masterful paradigm of innovative techniques (or so the faculty of the university would stimulate one believe) - it is the conflicting natures of Buck mulligan and Stephen Dedalus which I find of primary (if not sole) interest.   Dedalus is a disillusioned, Jesuit trained academic with literary aspirations. His academic pursuits hire led to a symbolic burning of his wings (his emotional detachment) as he rose to the enlightenment of the Sun. He tolerates neither the abusive Buck Mulligan nor the condescending Oxonian Haines (the coinhabitants of Martello Tower) and feigns interest in the citizenry of Dublin.   Buck Mulligan is a cynical man of action. He mocks Dedalus beliefs and intellectual prowess. Whereas Dedalus fears water (perhaps symbolizing baptism) - Mulligan once saved a drowning man. Mulligan plunges into life while Stephen meekly questions existence and his place in reali ty. Mulligan can ingratiate himself to the peasantry (see the encounter with the free Milk woman) while Dedalus broods on Irish history and appears the elitist.   Stephen has been blinded by the Sun and lives in a shapeless world. His feelings of guilt (primarily concerning his mothers hideous death and the renunciation of his sisters to poverty) coupled with his sense of estrangement necessitates a continuous introspection as recourse. His relentless pursuit of absolute truths (a concept dear to the Aristotelian Jesuits) clarifies little and fuels his discontent. As a teacher he is uncaring - oblivious to the inadequacies of his students. As an employee he is held in light regard. You were not born to be a teacher, I think...To hold back one must be humble states the schoolmaster, Mr.Deasy (35). His literary views are scorned by his contemporaries and he is not considered a poet of any promise.   Yet Dedalus is a hero of a different ilk. Stephen is a sincere thinker and as such is diametrically opposed to Mulligan - the man of action. He considers the import of his actions and grieves his perceive sins - Mulligan hides in cynicism.